Nr 9 (426) 2009

Spis treści nr 9/2009

Table of Contents

Numer monotem­aty­czny
poświę­cony poli­tyce społecznej wobec dzieci

OD REDAKTORA NUMERU - Bożena Balcerzak-Paradowska

KONDYCJA NAJMŁODSZYCH POLAKÓW
DEMOGRAFIA WSPÓŁCZESNEGO POLSKIEGO DZIECIŃSTWA — Piotr Szukalski
WARUNKI ŻYCIA RODZIN Z DZIEĆMI. TENDENCJE PIERWSZYCH LAT XXI WIEKU — Bożena Kołaczek
BIEDA DZIECI W ŚRODOWISKU WIELKOMIEJSKIM (NA PRZYKŁADZIE ŁODZI) — Wielisława Warzywoda-Kruszyńska
BIOLOGICZNE PRZEJAWY ZMIAN SYTUACJI EKONOMICZNEJ RODZIN WIEJSKICH W LATACH 1967–2001 — Teresa Łaska-Mierzejewska, Elż­bi­eta Olszewska
DZIECI WIEJSKIE — ŚRODOWISKOWE UWARUNKOWANIA DOSTĘPU DO EDUKACJI — Krystyna Gutkowska, Anna Murawska
DZIECI — OFIARY PRZEMOCY. SKALA I CHARAKTER ZJAWISKA. POTRZEBA INTERWENCJI — Monika Sajkowska, Jolanta Szymańczak

INSTYTUCJONALNE FORMY OPIEKI NAD DZIECKIEM I RODZINĄ
DZIAŁANIA MINISTERSTWA PRACY I POLITYKI SPOŁECZNEJ NA RZECZ DZIECI I RODZIN — Elwira Gross-Gołacka
DZIECKO W POLITYCE RODZINNEJ. OCENA DZIAŁAŃ DOTYCHCZASOWYCH. WZORCE Z INNYCH KRAJÓW. KIERUNKI DZIAŁAŃ — Bożena Balcerzak-Paradowska
ZDROWIE DZIECI — ZAPOMNIANY PRIORYTET — Janusz Szym­borski
RÓWNI, RÓWNIEJSI I… NAJMNIEJ RÓWNI, CZYLI O SPOŁECZNYCH BARIERACH W DOSTĘPIE DO EDUKACJI — Marta Zahorska
SPOŁECZNE FUNKCJE ŻŁOBKÓW I PRZEDSZKOLI. OBECNIE I W PRZESZŁOŚCI — Danuta Graniewska
DZIAŁANIA I STRATEGIE SAMORZĄDÓW LOKALNYCH NA RZECZ DZIECI I MŁODZIEŻY — Bożena Kołaczek, Aneta Wój­cik
ROLA PCPR W REALIZACJI ZADAŃ LOKALNEJ POLITYKI RODZINNEJ. FUNKCJA PREWENCYJNA I NAPRAWCZA — Dorota Glo­gosz

INICJATYWY SPOŁECZNE: PRZYKŁADY DOBRYCH PRAKTYK
CARITAS W POLSCE DLA DZIECI - Zbig­niew Sobolewski
JAK REALIZOWAĆ PRAWA NAJMŁODSZYCH DZIECI DO ROZWOJU I PARTYCYPACJI — DOŚWIADCZENIA FUNDACJI KOMEŃSKIEGO — Anna Blum­sz­tajn
PRZECIWDZIAŁANIE ZANIEDBANIOM EDUKACYJNYM, SPOŁECZNYM I KULTURALNYM DZIECI: DZIAŁANIA FUNDACJI “TĘCZOWY MOST” — Roman Rynkowski
PRACA Z RODZINĄ — ALTERNATYWA OPIEKI ZASTĘPCZEJ - Marek Liciński

NOWOŚCI WYDAWNICZE IPISS
DIARIUSZ POLITYKI SPOŁECZNEJ

Numer monotem­aty­czny poświę­cony poli­tyce społecznej wobec dzieci
W dniu 20 listopada 1989 r. została uch­walona Kon­wencja o Prawach Dziecka, którą Pol­ska raty­fikowała w 1990 r. Zwraca się w niej uwagę na prawo każdego dziecka do poziomu życia odpowiada­jącego jego roz­wo­jowi fizy­cznemu, duchowemu, moral­nemu i społecznemu. Szczegółowy zakres praw obe­j­muje między innymi:

•  prawo dziecka do jak najwyższego poziomu zdrowia i udo­god­nień w zakre­sie leczenia chorób oraz reha­bil­i­tacji zdrowot­nej (art. 24),
• prawo do nauki oparte na zasadzie równych szans (art. 28),
• prawo do wypoczynku, czasu wol­nego, uczest­nictwa w życiu kul­tur­al­nym i artysty­cznym (art. 31),
• prawo do korzys­ta­nia z sys­temu zabez­pieczenia społecznego (art. 26).

Real­iza­cja tych praw spoczywa na rodz­i­cach, którzy mają tworzyć swoim dzieciom określony stan­dard życia. Głównym pod­miotem zobow­iązanym do dzi­ałań wspo­ma­ga­ją­cych rodziny w real­iza­cji prawa dziecka do dobrego stan­dardu życia jest państwo, które powinno pode­j­mować dzi­ała­nia przy maksy­mal­nym wyko­rzys­ta­niu środ­ków, będą­cych w jego dys­pozy­cji. Przy­pom­nie­nie tych praw nie jest podyk­towane “uczcze­niem” 20-lecia przyję­cia tej Kon­wencji. Troska o dzieci, o młode pokole­nie jest troską o przyszłość: społeczeństwa, nar­odu, kraju. Jed­nak to ” spo­jrze­nie w przyszłość” ma swoje pod­stawy w dniu dzisiejszym, zgod­nie z tezą sfor­mułowaną przez noblistkę Gabrielę Mis­tral: na wiele potrzeb­nych nam rzeczy możemy poczekać. Dziecko nie może, Właśnie teraz for­mują się jego kości, tworzy krew, rozwija umysł. Nie możemy powiedzieć: “Jutro”. Jego imię brzmi: “Dzisiaj”.
Niniejszy numer “Poli­tyki Społecznej” jest wyrazem troski środowiska naukowego, wspier­anego przez przed­staw­icieli decy­den­tów i dzi­ałaczy społecznych, o warunki życia i roz­woju dzieci w Polsce, wpisu­ją­cych się w cele Kon­wencji o Prawach Dziecka. Kon­cen­tracja na trud­nych prob­lemach najmłod­szych Polaków ma na celu zwróce­nie uwagi, że pomimo wielu pozy­ty­wnych zmian, które dokon­ały się w okre­sie ostat­niego dwudziestole­cia i stają się udzi­ałem coraz szer­szego kręgu młodych benefic­jen­tów, dzieci nadal pozostają w stre­fach różnego rodzaju zagrożeń, a dzi­ała­nia roz­maitych pod­miotów poli­tyki społecznej i rodzin­nej okazują się nieskuteczne dla lik­widacji tych zagrożeń i kre­owa­nia dal­szych zmian.
Przed­staw­imy Państwu kilka wątków prob­le­mowych wpisu­ją­cych się w układ numeru. Omówione zostały zagad­nienia związane z kondy­cją najmłod­szych Polaków, począwszy od spo­jrzenia na prob­lemy wynika­jące z pro­cesów demograficznych, poprzez ogólne warunki życia rodzin z dziećmi, jak i kwestie zróżni­cowań środowiskowych i ich skutków. Kole­jny blok tem­aty­czny obe­j­muje infor­ma­cje i ocenę dzi­ałań państwa i samorządów lokalnych na rzecz rodziny dziecka. Ta część została wzbo­ga­cona wypowiedzi­ami osób, które, “na co dzień” stykają się z przy­pad­kami wyma­ga­ją­cymi różnych inter­wencji i których dzi­ała­nia mogą stanowić “przykłady dobrych prak­tyk”. Treść numeru nie wycz­er­puje wszys­t­kich zagad­nień związanych z sytu­acją dzieci w Polsce. Zachę­camy do przed­staw­ia­nia kole­jnych tem­atów na łamach cza­sopisma, a w jeszcze więk­szym stop­niu — do dzi­ałań na rzecz młodego pokolenia.

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Social Pol­icy
Table of Con­tents No 9 (426), 2009

Spe­cial issue — Child

EDITORS NOTE - Bożena Balcerzak-Paradowska

THE YOUNGEST POLES PHYSICAL CONDITION
DEMOGRAPHY OF THE CONTEMPORARY POLISH CHILDHOOD — Piotr Szukalski
LIVING CONDITIONS OF FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN — Bożena Kołaczek
CHILD POVERTY IN A BIG CITY (AN EXAMPLE OF LDZ) — Wielisława Warzywoda-Kruszyńska
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF CHANGE IN THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF RURAL FAMILIES IN THE PERIOD 1967–2001 — Teresa Łaska-Mierzejewska, Elż­bi­eta Olszewska
RURAL CHILDREN — SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO EDUCATION — Krystyna Gutkowska, Anna Murawska
CHILDREN AS VICTIMS. SCOPE AND FORMS OF CHILD ABUSE, THE NEED OF INTERVENTION — Monika Sajkowska, Jolanta Szymańczak

INSTITUTIONAL FORMS OF CHILD AND FAMILY PROTECTION
MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL POLICY FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES — Elwira Gross-Gołacka
CHILD IN FAMILY POLICY. AN EVALUATION OF ON-GOING PROGRAMS. PATTERNS FROM ABROAD. DIRECTIONS FOR ACTION — Bożena Balcerzak-Paradowska
CHILDREN’S HEALTH — THE FORGOTTEN PRIORI — Janusz Szym­borski
EQUAL, THE MORE EQUAL AND THE LEAST EQUAL IE. ON UNEQUAL ACCESSS TO EDUCATION  - Marta Zahorska
PRESENT AND PAST: SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF NURSERIES AND KINDERGARTENS — Danuta Graniewska
COPING WITH PROBLEMS OF CHILDREN: ACTIVITIES AND STRATEGIES OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENTS IN POLAND — Bożena Kołaczek, Aneta Wój­cik
PREVENTION AND COMPENSATION: MEETING ENDS OF LOCAL FAMILY POLICY - Dorota Glogosz

GOOD PRACTICES IN THE FIELD OF CIVIC ACTIVITIES
POLISH CARITAS FOR CHILDREN — Zbig­niew Sobolewski
HOW TO ENSURE YOUNG CHILDREN THEIR RIGHT TO EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT — COMENIUS FOUNDATION EXPERIENCES — Anna Blum­sz­tajn
COPING WITH CHILDREN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL NEGLIGENCE IN SMALL COMMUNITIES: AN EXAMPLE OF FOUNDATION “TĘCZOWY MOST” IN BAKAŁARZEWO - Roman Rynkowski
SOCIAL WORK WITH FAMILY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FOSTER CARE — Marek Liciński

NEW BOOKS PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL STUDIES DIARY OF SOCIAL POLICY

We rec­om­mend the papers

Piotr Szukalski
DEMOGRAPHY OF THE CONTEMPORARY POLISH CHILDHOOD
The last dozen or so years is a time of rapid changes in demo­graphic processes in Poland. The aim of the paper is to focus on demo­graphic com­po­nent of social and mate­r­ial sta­tus of the Pol­ish chil­dren. The atten­tion was paid to demo­graphic threat­ens (mor­tal­ity, orphan­hood, increase in non-marital par­ent­hood, teenagers’ fer­til­ity, con­cen­tra­tion of births in dis­fa­vored social strata) and to oppor­tu­ni­ties (decrease in fam­ily size, increase in prob­a­bil­ity of liv­ing in multi­gen­er­a­tional families).

Bożena Kołaczek
LIVING CONDITIONS OF FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN
At the begin­ning of XXI cen­tury, increase of income from the work is noticed in Poland. The ris­ing level of eco­nomic activ­ity decides the best level of fam­ily liv­ing. There­fore the chil­dren sit­u­a­tion in fam­ily depends on par­ents’ posi­tion on labour mar­ket. If one of the par­ents is unem­ployed, poverty of chil­dren is most likely. Irre­spec­tive of poverty line accepted in anal­isy of liv­ing con­di­tions of fam­i­lies with chil­dren, the large fam­i­lies (with three and more chil­dren) are most likely to be in dan­ger of poverty.

Wielisława Warzywoda-Kruszyńska
CHILD POVERTY IN A BIG CITY (AN EXAMPLE OF LODZ)
The arti­cle, based on results obtained by the project “WZLOT — Strength­en­ing oppor­tu­ni­ties and weak­en­ing trans­mis­sion of poverty among inhab­i­tants of towns in the Łódź Province”, financed by the Frame­work Pro­gram “Human Cap­i­tal” of Euro­pean Social Fund pro­vides evi­dence that poverty con­tin­ues in poverty enclaves revealed in Lodz ten years ago. Sub­se­quent gen­er­a­tion of chil­dren has been grow­ing up there in fam­i­lies liv­ing on wel­fare. One of pre­dic­tors of inter­gen­er­a­tional trans­mis­sion of poverty to sub­se­quent gen­er­a­tion seems to be teenage moth­er­hood hin­der­ing edu­ca­tional oppor­tu­ni­ties of young moth­ers. Because of hor­ri­ble hous­ing and liv­ing con­di­tions health and devel­op­ment of their chil­dren is in danger.

Teresa Łaska-Mierzejewska, Elż­bi­eta Olszewska
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF CHANGE IN THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF RURAL FAMILIES IN THE PERIOD 1967–2001
The aim of this study is the esti­ma­tion of bio­log­i­cal effects of changes of eco­nomic con­di­tions in Poland in 1967–2001. Rural girls aged 9.5–18.5 years were stud­ied in 1967, 1977, 1987 and in 2001. The strat­i­fi­ca­tion of vil­lagers (farm­ers, farm-workers and non-farmers) was based on the source of their fam­ily income. Age at menar­che (AM), body height and weight were used as bio­log­i­cal indi­ca­tors of liv­ing con­di­tions. Dur­ing the decade 1967–1977, while a rel­a­tively good eco­nomic sit­u­a­tion pre­vailed in the coun­try, AM decreased (accel­er­ated) by 0.64 years and dis­tinct sec­u­lar trends in height and weight were noted. Dur­ing the decade 1977–1987, years of eco­nomic cri­sis, sec­u­lar trends were arrested and age at menar­che increased (decel­er­ated) by 0.11 years. The study, repeated in 2001, showed pos­i­tive sec­u­lar trends in body height and a decrease (accel­er­a­tion) in AM (0.24 years per decade), but in daugh­ters of farm­ers, the AM decrease was twice as high as in non-farmer fam­i­lies. The lat­ter group expe­ri­enced acute unem­ploy­ment after the polit­i­cal and eco­nomic sys­tem trans­for­ma­tion (1989) AM appeared ear­li­est in daugh­ters of non-farmers, and lat­est in those from farmer families.

Kry­tysna Gutkowska, Anna Murawska
RURAL CHILDREN — SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO EDUCATION
The prob­lem of rural chil­dren and youth uneven access to edu­ca­tional ser­vices is deter­mined not only by the edu­ca­tional infra­struc­ture or the level of teach­ers’ qual­i­fi­ca­tion but also finan­cial lim­i­ta­tion in the real­iza­tion of edu­ca­tional ambi­tions faced by the con­sid­er­able part of rural fam­i­lies and rel­a­tively low level of impor­tance of needs in the range of edu­ca­tion. On the basis of own research and analy­sis of acces­si­ble sec­ondary data one can ascer­tain the dif­fi­cul­ties in the access to edu­ca­tional ser­vices in the rural areas, par­tic­u­larly to gen­eral sec­ondary edu­ca­tion and also finan­cial lim­i­ta­tions in the real­iza­tion of edu­ca­tional needs observed in the fam­i­lies liv­ing from non paid sources, with many chil­dren and incom­plete fam­i­lies. Finan­cial prob­lems cause res­ig­na­tion from using var­i­ous edu­ca­tional ser­vices, and espe­cially addi­tional classes, pri­vate les­son and par­tic­i­pa­tion in school and extra­mural events.

Monika Sajkowska, Jolanta Szy­mańczak
CHILDREN AS VICTIMS. SCOPE AND FORMS OF CHILD ABUSE, THE NEED OF INTERVENTION
The arti­cle presents the prob­lem of child abuse, which was only noticed by Pol­ish social pol­icy as late as in 1990s. Authors try to define child abuse and describe its var­i­ous forms. Using sta­tis­ti­cal and empir­i­cal data on the scope of child abuse in Poland, they focus on phys­i­cal vio­lence — includ­ing cor­po­ral pun­ish­ments (eg. in the fam­ily) and sex­ual molesta­tion, as well as vio­lence between chil­dren them­selves. Also, laws con­cern­ing the child abuse and var­i­ous pol­icy pro­grams des­ig­nated to pre­vent it are of con­cern for the authors.

Elwira Gross-Gołacka
MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND SOCIAL POLICY FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
The arti­cle presents the poli­cies of Min­istry of Labor and Social Pol­icy towards chil­dren and fam­i­lies with depen­dent chil­dren, mainly anti-poverty and poli­cies of income-maintenance. The author focuses on fam­ily ben­e­fits and var­i­ous work-family pro­grams, and pro­grams for fam­i­lies with hand­i­capped children.

Bożena Balcerzak-Paradowska
CHILD IN FAMILY POLICY. AN EVALUATION OF ON-GOING PROGRAMS. PATTERNS FROM ABROAD. DIRECTIONS FOR ACTION
In this text the author tries to eval­u­ate poli­cies des­ig­nated for help­ing chil­dren and fam­i­lies with depen­dent chil­dren, namely prona­tal­ist solu­tions like child­birth ben­e­fits or work-family pro­grams. Also, the author is con­cerned with means of secur­ing the rights of the child and selected prob­lems of fam­ily poli­cies of EU.

Janusz Szym­borski
CHILDREN’S HEALTH — THE FORGOTTEN PRIORI
The legal basis for the pro­tec­tion of children’s lives and health in Poland is pro­vided by the Con­sti­tu­tion of the Repub­lic of Poland and Pol­ish leg­is­la­tion and also by the inter­na­tional agree­ments rat­i­fied by our coun­try. In this study, an attempt has been under­taken to assess the state of the obser­va­tion of the rights of chil­dren to health. The main source mate­ri­als were infor­ma­tion from the activ­ity of the Com­mis­sioner for Civil Rights Pro­tec­tion and data from the Cen­tral Sta­tis­ti­cal Office. Selected data have been pre­sented on the sub­ject of the con­di­tions of the life and devel­op­ment of chil­dren in Poland and the shap­ing of the fac­tors of mor­tal­ity in par­tic­u­lar age cat­e­gories. There is also a descrip­tion of the main cur­rent health prob­lems and the cur­rent state of health care for chil­dren in Poland. On account of the impor­tance of the prob­lem, the study con­cen­trates on peri­na­tal care but, on account of the scale and results of neg­li­gence, par­tic­u­lar atten­tion has also been paid to the health of chil­dren and youths of school age. In Poland, as in many other coun­tries of the Euro­pean Union, there has been noted an over-representation of chil­dren among poor peo­ple, which adversely affects their state of health and decreases their edu­ca­tional and devel­op­men­tal oppor­tu­ni­ties, par­tic­u­larly in the case of the youngest chil­dren. In the period 1990–2006, the num­ber of deaths of infants fell by almost 80% while the mor­tal­ity of chil­dren and youths from 1 to 19 years old fell by 56% but an assess­ment of the health sit­u­a­tion on the basis of mor­tal­ity fac­tors has, in rela­tion to the pop­u­la­tion of devel­op­men­tal age, a very lim­ited value. In recent years in Poland, there has been observed a dete­ri­o­ra­tion in the access afforded to preg­nant and par­turi­ent women and new­borns to pro­phy­lac­tic and ther­a­peu­tic care ade­quate to their needs, which results from an under­valu­ing of the role of invest­ment in the health of the youngest gen­er­a­tion. The health of youths is the most neglected, mar­gin­alised and ignored area of med­i­cine and health pol­icy even though this period of life decides about the health cap­i­tal with which young peo­ple enter adult life. There exists an urgent need for fun­da­men­tal re-evaluations in the health pol­icy of the state in order to improve the health care of moth­ers, chil­dren and youths, which demands the under­tak­ing of sys­temic activ­i­ties in the field of health pro­mo­tion, the pro­phy­laxis of dis­eases and risks and the restora­tion of health.

Marta Zahorska
EQUAL, THE MORE EQUAL AND THE LEAST EQUAL IE. ON UNEQUAL ACCESSS TO EDUCATION
The arti­cle is about social inequal­i­ties in edu­ca­tion by which I under­stand the rela­tion­ship between social back­ground, i.e. par­ents’ socioe­co­nomic sta­tus, and the student’s achieve­ments at school. The Pol­ish edu­ca­tional sys­tem cre­ates the chance for advance­ment only for some peo­ple. There are chil­dren liv­ing in bad mate­r­ial con­di­tions, whose fam­i­lies can­not take care of their proper devel­op­ment. Two edu­ca­tion insti­tu­tions are respon­si­ble for cre­at­ing chances to these chil­dren: kinder­garten and school. Nei­ther of them ful­fils its role accu­rately. The small num­ber of kinder­gartens that are in Poland very sel­dom are attended by chil­dren from fam­i­lies with the low­est SES. More­over, work­ing with those chil­dren at school is not very effec­tive, both in edu­ca­tional and didac­tic terms. These chil­dren form a group that only for­mally fin­ish junior high school, cre­at­ing the so called “hid­den dropouts. Pol­ish schools are proud of the fact that they have one of the low­est indi­ca­tors of school dropouts in Europe. It seems how­ever, that this is the effect of both impre­cise data and the prac­tice of „push­ing” stu­dents through junior high school. I observed this phe­nom­e­non in sev­eral schools and it was also men­tioned in many inter­views with teach­ers. It seems there­fore, that it requires a more care­ful diag­no­sis as well as apply­ing pre­ven­tive measures.

Danuta Graniewska
PRESENT AND PAST: SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF NURSERIES AND KINDERGARTENS
The arti­cle presents past and present social func­tions of nurs­eries and kinder­gartens, the tra­di­tions of those insti­tu­tions and con­texts in which they presently oper­ate, includ­ing their var­i­ous problems.

Danuta Graniewska
PRESENT AND PAST: SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF NURSERIES AND KINDERGARTENS 
The arti­cle presents past and present social func­tions of nurs­eries and kinder­gartens, the tra­di­tions of those insti­tu­tions and con­texts in which they presently oper­ate, includ­ing their var­i­ous problems.

Bożena Kołaczek, Aneta Wój­cik
COPING WITH PROBLEMS OF CHILDREN: ACTIVITIES AND STRATEGIES OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENTS IN POLAND 
The aim of the arti­cle is show­ing the prob­lems of chil­dren and youth in both the action and in the pro­grams of local author­i­ties in the opin­ions of rep­re­sen­ta­tives of social assis­tance cen­tres. The sec­ond pur­pose is anal­isy of sev­eral local strat­egy for solve social prob­lems in the view of help and pre­ven­tion of dif­fi­cult mat­ters con­cern­ing chil­dren and youth.

Dorota Gło­gosz
PPREVENTION AND COMPENSATION: MEETING ENDS OF LOCAL FAMILY POLICY
County Fam­ily Assis­tance Cen­tres (CFAC) real­ize wide scope of assign­ments. Their oblig­a­tions are con­nected with admin­is­ter of aid for fam­i­lies in cri­sis and with pre­ven­tion of cri­sis sit­u­a­tions, too. CFAC per­form their duty in dif­fer­en­tial con­di­tions. Short funds and short­age of pro­fes­sional per­son­nel limit capa­bil­i­ties of effec­tive act­ing. Social work and imme­di­ate work with fam­i­lies are very dif­fi­cult or impos­si­ble in these con­di­tions. Insta­bil­ity of fam­ily pol­icy pri­or­i­ties is a seri­ous bar­rier CFAC’s effi­ciency. Co-operation CFAC with other local family-oriented enti­ties – for­mal and infor­mal — facil­i­tates achieve­ment of local fam­ily pol­icy tasks.

ks. Zbig­niew Sobolewski
POLISH CARITAS FOR CHILDREN
The arti­cle presents actions of Car­i­tas in Poland des­ig­nated to pre­vent poverty among children.

Anna Blum­sz­tajn
HOW TO ENSURE YOUNG CHILDREN THEIR RIGHT TO EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT — COMENIUS FOUNDATION EXPERIENCES
The rights of chil­dren to edu­ca­tion and par­tic­i­pa­tion are in Poland almost exclu­sively lim­ited to age-school chil­dren. Young chil­dren are seen as need­ing health care, not edu­ca­tional stim­u­la­tion. This is why the Com­mitte on the Rights of the Child issued a spe­cial com­ment rec­om­mend­ing to apply all of the rights of the child, includ­ing those fos­ter­ing edu­ca­tion and par­tic­i­pa­tion, to young chil­dren. It seems par­tic­u­larly impor­tant to imple­ment the rights of the child to this age group, who can’t express its own need autonomously and does not have any polit­i­cal or insti­tu­tional sup­port. Come­nius Foun­da­tion is one of the very few pol­ish non­govern­men­tal orga­ni­za­tions, who focus on edu­ca­tional activ­i­ties for this age group. The two described Come­nius Foun­da­tion projects – show how you can imple­ment activ­i­ties that allow the youngest cit­i­zens to edu­cate them­selves and par­tic­i­pate into local social life.

Roman Rynkowski
COPING WITH CHILDREN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL NEGLIGENCE IN SMALL COMMUNITIES: AN EXAMPLE OF FOUNDATION “TĘCZOWY MOST” IN BAKAŁARZEWO 
The arti­cle presents action of foun­da­tion “Tęc­zowy Most” in Bakałarzewo des­ig­nated to pre­vent edu­ca­tional, social and cul­tural exclu­sion of chil­dren and teenagers in small towns.

Marek Liciński –
SOCIAL WORK WITH FAMILY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FOSTER CARE
The arti­cle presents var­i­ous forms of fam­ily ser­vices, namely fam­ily advis­ing or the sup­port of fam­ily assis­tant as an alter­na­tive for fos­ter care.

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