Nr 1 (10) 2014

Social Pol­icy

POLAND IN TIMES OF UNCERTAINTY

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Table of Con­tents 1/2014 Eng­lish Edition

PREFACE – Paweł Poławski
INTRICACIES OF INSTRUMENTAL REASONING – Kaz­imierz W. Frieske
WELFARE STATE REFORMS AND THE PRODUCTION OF UNCERTAINTY – Paweł Poławski
TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE AGE OF UNCERTAINTY: EPISTEMOLOGICAL CHALLENGE AS A POLITICAL CHALLENGE – Agata Stasik
BABY BOOMERS AND GENERATION Y – THE PERSPECTIVE OF OLD AGE – Zofia Szweda-Lewandowska
SECURITY OR UNCERTAINTY THROUGH DIVERSITY? THE CASE OF THE PENSION SYSTEM – Dar­iusz Zalewski
RISK, INCOME INEQUALITY AND THREATS FOR THE LEGITIMACY OF A SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM – Jędrzej Sta­siowski
FLEXIBILITY IS IN PLACE – WHAT ABOUT SECURITY? POLISH FLEXICURITY – Maciej Pańków
CAPITALISM ON ITS OWN. DEVELOPMENT OF MORTGAGE MARKET IN POLAND AS A PROCESS OF FINANCIALIZATION OF HOUSEHOLDS – Mikołaj Lewicki
THE MIDDLE CLASS AND THE EXPERIENCE OF FLEXIBILITY – Maciej Gdula

Pref­ace
Mod­ern soci­eties do not only become „risk soci­eties”, but also „uncer­tainty soci­eties”. Demo­graphic processes and the con­se­quences of more or less planned changes in the labour mar­ket lead to the fact that it is not only hard to pre­dict and work out indi­vid­ual life plans, but also to define the future basis for wel­fare of house­holds. The same processes hin­der the devel­op­ment of social pol­icy in many areas, and the con­cept of „social risks” used by many researchers and social pol­icy mak­ers requires revi­sion. We cope with risk by using tra­di­tional sys­tems of social secu­rity. But are rel­e­vant insti­tu­tions pre­pared for the new phe­nom­ena and prob­lems in the social struc­ture that are caused by uncertainty?

All the authors who con­tributed to this issue of „Social Pol­icy” attempt at answer­ing the ques­tions:
– what are the basic dimen­sions of uncer­tainty in con­tem­po­rary Poland?
– how ade­quately can we diag­nose and describe var­i­ous risks?
– what are the con­se­quences of the rise of var­i­ous dimen­sions of uncer­tainty for social pol­icy?
– to what extent can we con­sciously man­age risks and uncer­tain­ties?
As a con­se­quence, the authors are not only inter­ested in descrip­tion of empir­i­cally detectable reg­u­lar­i­ties, but also in con­cep­tual prob­lems – espe­cially the mean­ing of terms, which are often used in the pub­lic and pro­fes­sional dis­course. It seems that uncer­tainty (just like var­i­ous social risks) has unequal impact on dif­fer­ent social groups. The gen­er­a­tional dimen­sion of risk has received par­tic­u­lar atten­tion lately, espe­cially due to the prob­lems that clearly affect peo­ple who enter adult­hood, try to become inde­pen­dent and to secure their posi­tion in the labour mar­ket. The texts offer a reflec­tion on the dif­fer­ence in the con­se­quences of uncer­tainty for dif­fer­ent gen­er­a­tions. The arti­cles pro­pose a reflec­tion on the extent to which it is a struc­tural prob­lem or acci­den­tal fac­tors that shape the sit­u­a­tion of sub­se­quent age cohorts within the Pol­ish society.

Another com­mon topic is built around the ques­tion of the extent to which var­i­ous kinds of uncer­tainty are gen­er­ated by the nature of social changes and mod­erni­sa­tion that takes place in Poland. It seems that we are cur­rently able to recon­struct unin­tended con­se­quences of the change and their hid­den func­tions more accu­rately. It is worth search­ing for the answers to the ques­tion of the extent to which mod­erni­sa­tion plays a neg­a­tive role, and to what extent – para­dox­i­cally – the fear of increas­ing uncer­tainty allows insti­tu­tions that are under­go­ing changes to become sta­bilised. Social changes are both endo– and exo­genic in nature. It is worth reflect­ing to what extent social prob­lems and ten­sion that can be observed in con­tem­po­rary Poland stem from exter­nal causes, and to what extent they have their locally spe­cific nature.

The above issues were dis­cussed at the con­fer­ence enti­tled „Poland in Times of Uncer­tainty: Mod­erni­sa­tion of Insti­tu­tions and Prob­lems of Gen­er­a­tions” that was organ­ised in Novem­ber 2012 by the Com­mit­tee on Soci­ol­ogy of the Pol­ish Acad­emy of Sci­ences and the Insti­tute of Soci­ol­ogy of the Uni­ver­sity of War­saw. The texts in the present issue of “Social Pol­icy” are an exten­sion and con­tin­u­a­tion of that discussion.

PAWEŁ POŁAWSKI
Insti­tute of Labour and Social Stud­ies, War­saw, Poland
Insti­tute of Soci­ol­ogy, Uni­ver­sity of War­saw, Poland

We rec­om­mend the papers:

Kaz­imierz W. Frieske
INTRICACIES OF INSTRUMENTAL REASONING
In the first part of the paper plu­ral­ity of ‘nar­ra­tions’ con­cern­ing real­ity is indi­cated both in pub­lic debates and core social sci­ences. In the sec­ond part author sug­gests that diver­sity of such ‘nar­ra­tions’ is founded either on ‘pro­gres­sive’ think­ing  includ­ing our beliefs in pos­si­bil­ity to man­age pub­lic affairs with such means as ‘ratio­nal­iza­tion’, fore­cast­ing, risk assess­ment, evi­dence based deci­sion mak­ing, etc. or on uncer­tainty and social insti­tu­tions pro­vid­ing pat­terns of cop­ing with such uncertainty.

Key­words: nar­ra­tivism, ratio­nal­iza­tion, progress, risk, uncertainty

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Paweł Poławski
WELFARE STATE REFORMS AND THE PRODUCTION OF UNCERTAINTY
The text shows how man­age­ri­al­ism related to var­i­ous para­doxes and incon­sis­ten­cies of the wel­fare state reforms inter­fere with new areas of uncer­tainty. The reforms have not solved the prob­lems that affect the wel­fare state for nearly half a cen­tury, nor they increased social secu­rity and sta­bil­ity of wel­fare insti­tu­tions. What’s more – the state itself cre­ates areas of uncer­tainty, con­tribut­ing to the strength­en­ing of exist­ing inequal­i­ties and social divi­sions. The sit­u­a­tion in Poland does not dif­fer in this respect from the gen­eral trends. The text is a review and refers to the U. Beck con­cept of “Man­u­fac­tured uncertainties”.

Key­words: gov­er­nance, uncer­tainty, risk, wel­fare state, new pub­lic man­age­ment, gov­er­nance

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Agata Stasik
TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE AGE OF UNCERTAINTY: EPISTEMOLOGICAL CHALLENGE AS A POLITICAL CHALLENGE
Capa­bil­ity to cre­ate inno­v­a­tive tech­nolo­gies is com­monly per­ceived as a basis for sus­tain­able eco­nomic and social devel­op­ment. How­ever, due to poten­tially desta­bi­liz­ing effects of new tech­nolo­gies, it is cru­cial to exer­cise risk and uncer­tainty assess­ment. Acknowl­edg­ment of lim­its of sci­en­tific pre­dic­tions in case of rad­i­cal inno­va­tion in com­plex envi­ron­ment results in with­drawal of absolute trust in experts’ judg­ment. It may lead to more inclu­sive process of assess­ment in the frame­work of “hybrid forum”. Cre­ation of more inclu­sive insti­tu­tions with real power to influ­ence the tech­no­log­i­cal pol­icy may be per­ceived as a chal­lenge par­al­lel to the devel­op­ment of tech­nol­ogy – not less impor­tant part of authen­tic mod­ern­iza­tion of the state.

Key­words: uncer­tainty; risk; tech­nol­ogy impact assess­ment; inno­va­tions; participation

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Zofia Szweda-Lewandowska
ABY BOOMERS AND GENERATION Y – THE PERSPECTIVE OF OLD AGE
Under con­sid­er­a­tion of this arti­cle are the pos­si­ble sce­nar­ios of the last stage of life cycle of two gen­er­a­tions – baby boomers and chil­dren of baby boomers. The uncer­tainty asso­ci­ated with the lack of sta­bil­ity and pre­dictabil­ity of medium and long term influ­ence the choices and deci­sions made by the baby boomers born in 1980s. The deci­sions and choices about career paths and fam­ily affect the old age of the cur­rent 20– and 30-year-olds. The uncer­tainty related to daily life makes the young peo­ple do not decide to start a fam­ily and hav­ing chil­dren. Occu­pa­tional insta­bil­ity and low income affect health. These two fac­tors – employ­ment and fam­ily sta­tus – are the main deter­mi­nants of the future old age of this gen­er­a­tion – lonely, poor and reliant. On the other hand, baby boomers, whose life was char­ac­ter­ized by a higher – than today – cer­tainly and pre­dictabil­ity future, are approach­ing old age. Aging of this gen­er­a­tion will be – com­pared with the next the gen­er­a­tions – richer and not so lonely.

Key­words: life cycle, baby boomers, chil­dren of baby boomers, employ­ment and fam­ily status

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Dar­iusz Zalewski
SECURITY OR UNCERTAINTY THROUGH DIVERSITY? THE CASE OF THE PENSION SYSTEM
This arti­cle is con­cern­ing the changes of pol­ish pen­sion sys­tem set in motion in 1999. The pen­sion sys­tems has been divided two pil­lars, estab­lished on a ‘pay-as-you-go’ basis on the one hand, and ‘funded’ financ­ing on the sec­ond. This divi­sion was described in new pro­gram sys­tem “Secu­rity through Diver­sity”. The main con­clu­sion is, on the base of the­ory of social sys­tems, that the pen­sion­ers secu­rity depends on broadly defined envi­ron­ment of pen­sion sys­tem rather than inter­nal con­fig­u­ra­tion new pen­sion system.

Key­words: pol­ish pen­sion sys­tem, inter­nal configuration

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Jędrzej Sta­siowski
RISK, INCOME INEQUALITY AND THREATS FOR THE LEGITIMACY OF A SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Author presents argu­ments, based on the the­o­ret­i­cal con­cepts and other empir­i­cal works, for the hypoth­e­sis that grow­ing income inequal­ity increases the risk of weak­en­ing the legit­i­macy of a polit­i­cal and eco­nomic sys­tem: grow­ing income inequal­i­ties can lead to real con­flicts or cause weak­en­ing of demo­c­ra­tic insti­tu­tions by under­min­ing their legit­i­macy, what can be seen in the decline of a sup­port for the gov­ern­ment insti­tu­tions. Given the­sis is illus­trated by the results of the analy­sis of the Pol­ish sur­vey data: peo­ple who per­ceive and neg­a­tively eval­u­ate income inequal­ity, present at the same time less favor­able opin­ions on the polit­i­cal and eco­nomic sys­tem, which autho­rizes exist­ing inequalities.

Key­words: income inequal­ity per­cep­tion, polit­i­cal legit­i­macy, risk

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Maciej Pańków
FLEXIBILITY IS IN PLACE – WHAT ABOUT SECURITY? POLISH FLEXICURITY
Since 70ies the fordist model of indus­trial rela­tions, which had emerged after the Sec­ond World War and ensured sta­ble employ­ment and social guar­an­tees for employ­ees, has col­lapsed. Glob­alised econ­omy dic­tates new, flex­i­ble labour regimes. Enter­prises strive to gain free­dom to dis­miss employ­ees, if their fur­ther employ­ment is not viable. The idea of flex­i­cu­rity, or flex­i­ble secu­rity, assumes that pub­lic pol­icy com­pen­sate these ten­den­cies. Agree­ments ought to be flex­i­ble, but also offer trans­par­ent rules of the game. Peo­ple los­ing jobs can count on sup­port in requal­i­fi­ca­tion and seek­ing new employ­ment oppor­tu­ni­ties. They should also obtain ben­e­fits mak­ing pos­si­ble to cope with a dif­fi­cult sit­u­a­tion. It appears that these assump­tions are dif­fi­cult to ful­fil, espe­cially in new EU mem­ber states, includ­ing Poland.

Key­words: labour mar­ket, flex­i­cu­rity, employ­ment pro­tec­tion, employ­ment flex­i­bil­ity, social protection

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  • Konieczna”Sałamatin J., Gendźwiłł A., Stasik A. (2010), Anal­iza popytu i podaży pracy w wojew­ództwie pod­laskim w uję­ciu region­al­nym i lokalnym, [An Analy­sis of the Demand and Sup­ply of Work in the Pod­laskie Voivode­ship in Regional and Local Per­spec­tive], Pod­laskie Obser­wa­to­rium Rynku Pracy i Prog­noz Gospo­dar­czych, Białystok.
  • Konieczna-Sałamatin J., Pańków M., Sta­siowski J. (2011), Anal­iza struk­tury, uwarunk­owań i per­spek­tyw roz­woju alter­naty­wnych form zatrud­nienia na Dol­nym Śląsku, [An Analy­sis of the Struc­ture, Con­di­tions and the Per­spec­tive of the Devel­op­ment of Alter­na­tive Forms of Employ­ment in Lower Sile­sia], Dol­nośląski Wojew­ódzki Urząd Pracy, Wałbrzych.
  • Kryńska E., ed. (2009), Flex­i­cu­rity w Polsce. Diag­noza i rekomen­dacje – raport koń­cowy z badań, [Flex­i­cu­rity in Poland. Diag­no­sis and Rec­om­men­da­tions – Final Research Report], MPiPS, Warsaw.
  • Łapiński K. (2011), Umowa o pracę na czas określony w pol­skim i uni­jnym prawie pracy, [Fixed Term Employ­ment Con­tract in the Pol­ish and EU Labour Law], Lex a Wolters Kluwer busi­ness, Warsaw.
  • Ostoj I. (2007), Akty­wna poli­tyka rynku pracy i zasiłki dla bezro­bot­nych, [Active Labour Mar­ket Pol­icy and Unem­ployed Ben­e­fits], in: S. Swadźba, ed. (2007), Anal­iza porów­naw­cza poziomu opiekuńc­zości w kra­jach Unii Europe­jskiej, [Com­par­a­tive Analy­sis of Wel­farism in EU Mem­ber States], Akademia Eko­nom­iczna im. K. Adamieck­iego, Katowice.
  • Patul­ski A. (2010), Kon­cepcja Flex­i­cu­rity a niety­powe formy zatrud­nienia, czyli jak ograniczyć seg­men­tację pol­skiego rynku pracy, [The Con­cept of Flex­i­cu­rity and Atyp­i­cal Forms of Employ­ment, or How to Reduce Seg­men­ta­tion of the Pol­ish Labour Mar­ket], in: A. Sobczyk (ed.), Sto­sunki zatrud­nienia w dwudziestole­ciu społecznej gospo­darki rynkowej. Księga pamiątkowa z okazji jubileuszu 40-lecia pracy naukowej pro­fe­sor Bar­bary Wag­ner, [Com­mem­o­ra­tive Book for the For­ti­eth Anniver­sary of Bar­bara Wagner’s Research Work], Ofi­cyna a Wolters Kluwer busi­ness, Warsaw.
  • Sejm uch­walił ustawę, która ma usprawnić dzi­ałanie urzędów pracy, [Sejm Passes An Act to Improve Employ­ment Office Func­tion­ing], from the web­site of „Rzecz­pospolita”, http://prawo.rp.pl/artykul/1094002.html [retrieved 17.03.2014].
  • Sen­nett R. (2007), Korozja charak­teru. Oso­biste kon­sek­wencje pracy w nowym kap­i­tal­izmie, [Cor­ro­sion of Char­ac­ter. Per­sonal Con­se­quences of Work in New Cap­i­tal­ism], Wydawnictwo Lit­er­ackie MUZA SA, Warsaw.
  • Stand­ing G. (2011), Prekariat. Nowa niebez­pieczna klasa, [The Pre­cariat: The New Dan­ger­ous Class], trans. P. Kacz­marski, M. Karo­lak, Prak­tyka Teo­re­ty­czna. The Pol­ish trans­la­tion of the first and the sec­ond chap­ter is avail­able online under the Cre­ative Com­mons licence at www.praktykateoretyczna.pl/index.php/rozdzial-1-prekariat and …/rozdzial-2-prekariat [retrieved 27.05.2013].
  • Wspólne zasady wdraża­nia mod­elu flex­i­cu­rity. Komu­nikat Komisji do Par­la­mentu Europe­jskiego, Rady, Europe­jskiego Komitetu Ekonomiczno-Społecznego i Komitetu Regionów [Com­mu­ni­ca­tion from the Com­mis­sion to the Euro­pean Par­lia­ment, The Coun­cil, The Euro­pean Eco­nomic and Social Com­mit­tee and the Com­mit­tee of the Regions Towards Com­mon Prin­ci­ples of Flex­i­cu­rity: More and bet­ter jobs through flex­i­bil­ity and secu­rity], (2007), Bruk­sela, www.mpips.gov.pl/userfiles/File/flexi_komunikat_ue.pdf [retrieved 27.05.2013].
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Mikołaj Lewicki
CAPITALISM ON ITS OWN. DEVELOPMENT OF MORTGAGE MARKET IN POLAND AS A PROCESS OF FINANCIALIZATION OF HOUSEHOLDS
„Fam­ily on its own” – a label of the government’s pro­gram sup­port­ing young mort­gagors defines neatly the social, polit­i­cal and eco­nomic trans­for­ma­tion, asso­ci­ated with the hous­ing ques­tion in Poland. Tighter and more com­plex inter­min­gling of finan­cial and hous­ing mar­kets indi­cates processes of the house­holds finan­cial­iza­tion: uni­ver­sal banks’ cap­i­tal­iza­tion through the mort­gage debt of house­holds seems to delin­eate future ten­den­cies that push the banks towards house­holds’ offers rather than towards pro­vi­sion of cap­i­tal for com­mer­cial invest­ment. The state, dereg­u­lat­ing the mar­ket and pulling back from an active role on the hous­ing mar­ket through­out 1990-ties and at the thresh­old of the new mil­len­nium, has become much more active in pro­mo­tion of the stronger depen­den­cies between finan­cial and hous­ing mar­kets, mainly through the gov­ern­men­tal pro­grams sup­port­ing indi­vid­ual (house­holds’) inver­st­ment in the pur­chase of an apart­ment but also – tak­ing a spe­cific role of the “FIRE – extin­guisher” on the finan­cial mar­ket secur­ing its liq­uid­ity in times of cri­sis. As a con­se­quence, as my hypoth­e­sis claims, house­holds in Poland will be sub­mit­ted to the processes of their “liquidation”.

Key­words: hous­ing ques­tion, finan­cial­iza­tion, mort­gage, finan­cial mar­kets, liq­ui­da­tion of the household

REFERENCES

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  • Nieci­uński W. (2005), Czter­dzieści pięć i dziewięć lat poli­tyki mieszkan­iowej w Polsce, [Forty Five and Nive Years of Hous­ing Pol­icy in Poland], in: (2005), Przeszłość i przyszłość pol­skiej poli­tyki mieszkan­iowej, [The Past and the Furute of Pol­ish Hous­ing Pol­icy], IPiSS, IGN, Warsaw–Katowice.
  • Pawłow­icz L. (2009), Pol­ska wobec wyzwań kryzysu na rynku finan­sowym UE, [Poland Agaionst the Chal­lenges of the Finan­cial Mar­ket Cri­sis in the EU], in: S. Kasiewicz (ed.), Pol­ska wobec kryzysu na rynku finan­sowym UE, [Poland Against the Finan­cial Mar­ket Cri­sis in the EU], IBnGR, Gdańsk.
  • Pawłowska M. (2012), Com­pe­ti­tion, con­cen­tra­tion and for­eign cap­i­tal in the Pol­ish bank­ing sec­tor (prior and dur­ing the finan­cial cri­sis), National Bank of Poland, Warsaw.
  • Sław­iński A., Tymoczko D. (2013), Poli­tyka makroost­rożnoś­ciowa jako instru­ment ogranicza­nia wyko­rzysty­wa­nia przez banki krótkoter­mi­nowego finan­sowa­nia hur­towego, [Macro­pru­den­tial Pol­icy as an Instru­ment for Lim­it­ing the Use of Short-term Whole­sale Fund­ing], unpub­lished con­fer­ence paper, Sopot.
  • Sobolewski P., Tymoczko D., ed. (2013), Rozwój pol­skiego sys­tem finan­sowego. Raport, [The Devel­op­ment of the Pol­ish Finan­cial Sys­tem. A Report], NBP, Warsaw.

Maciej Gdula
THE MIDDLE CLASS AND THE EXPERIENCE OF FLEXIBILITY
Arti­cle presents the effects of research on life tra­jec­to­ries of young mid­dle class rep­re­sen­ta­tives con­fronted with flex­i­ble work­ing con­di­tions. The research was based on col­lect­ing life-stories with rep­re­sen­ta­tives of dif­fer­ent frac­tions of the mid­dle class. Two dif­fer­ent tra­jec­to­ries of the mid­dle class are iden­ti­fied. The dif­fer­ences con­cern the char­ac­ter of link between edu­ca­tion and labor mar­ket, sta­bil­ity of labor rela­tions and pos­si­bili­eties of car­rier plan­ning. Analy­sis of mid­dle class tra­jec­to­ries enables to present the com­plex­ity of flex­i­ble life and work­ing con­di­tions when it comes both to struc­tural fea­tures and the char­ac­ter of per­sonal experiences.

Key­words: mid­dle class, flex­i­ble work­ing con­di­tions, biography

REFERNCES

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List of Con­tri­bu­tions

KAZIMIERZ W. FRIESKE – Ph.D. in Soci­ol­ogy in 1987, habil­i­ta­tion in 1991. Pro­fes­sor at the Uni­ver­sity of War­saw from 1995. Ser­vice as Direc­tor of the Insti­tute of Soci­ol­ogy (Uni­ver­sity of War­saw) from 1993 to 1998. Vice–Dean of Fac­ulty of Phi­los­o­phy and Soci­ol­ogy from 1996–1998. Mem­ber of sev­eral Pol­ish Acad­emy of Sci­ences Com­mit­tees, such as Com­mit­tee on Soci­ol­ogy (Vice-President for 2004–2007), and Com­mit­tee on Social Pol­icy. From 1999 onwards Edi tor in Chief, Social Pol­icy Monthly. Over 40 years of teach­ing and research in the area of social sci­ences, mostly in social the­ory and applied soci­ol­ogy as well as social pol­icy, deviance soci­ol­ogy and soci­ol­ogy of law. Par­tic­u­lar research expe­ri­ences con­firmed by num­ber of pub­li­ca­tions, both books and papers, in the field of knowl­edge use and the­ory of knowl­edge. About 80 schol­arly pub­li­ca­tions, some of them trans­lated into Eng­lish, Ital­ian and Japan­ese. Proven man­age­r­ial capa­bil­i­ties in the field of R & D. Sev­eral books and num­ber of papers, among them works of such authors as H. Simon, K. Bould­ing, B. Guy Peters, A. Sen, trans­lated from Eng­lish into Pol­ish. Num­ber of scholar ships and teach­ing posi­tions at for­eign uni­ver­si­ties, such as Uni­ver­sity of Pitts­burgh, Duquesne Uni­ver­sity, Kent State Uni­ver­sity, Uni­ver­sity of Wis­con­sin. Num­ber of research pro­grams funded and car­ried out, such as Pat­terns of Social Prob­lems Solv­ing (’97–’98); Mod­els of Col­lec­tive Labour Relations(’99); Utopias of Inclu­sion: How Social Pro­grams Work? (2001–2003).

MACIEJ GDULA – Ph.D. soci­ol­o­gist, works as asso­ci­ated pro­fes­sor at the Insti­tute of Soci­ol­ogy, Uni­ver­sity of War­saw. His main fields of inter­est are social the­ory and social struc­ture. In his works he focuses on trans­for­ma­tion of class sys­tem in Poland and life-styles of par­tic­u­lar classes. He empha­sizes the role of the mid­dle class in con­tem­po­rary Poland and inves­ti­gates its geneal­ogy and life-word.

MIKOŁAJ LEWICKI – works at the Insti­tute of Soci­ol­ogy, Uni­ver­sity of War­saw; his doc­toral dis­ser­ta­tion con­cerned the­o­ries of social time applied to the analy­sis of the Pol­ish mod­ern­iza­tion after 1989; focuses on the eco­nomic soci­ol­ogy – con­struc­tion and trans­for­ma­tion of the mar­ket econ­omy in Cen­tral and East­ern Europe; for the last three years stud­ied var­i­ous aspects of mort­gage credit.

MACIEJ PAŃKÓW – grad­u­ated from the Insti­tute of Soci­ol­ogy, Uni­ver­sity of War­saw. PhD can­di­date at the War­saw School of Eco­nom­ics. His sci­en­tific inter­ests focus on the indus­trial rela­tions, atyp­i­cal forms of employ­ment and trans­for­ma­tion of the con­tem­po­rary labour mar­kets in the con­text of the decline of fordism. Cor­re­spon­dent of the Euro­found and par­tic­i­pant of the num­ber of research and eval­u­a­tion projects regard­ing pub­lic pol­icy as ana­lyst and researcher.

PAWEŁ POŁAWSKI – is Assis­tant Pro­fes­sor at the Insti­tute of Labour and Social Stud­ies and at the Insti­tute of Soci­ol­ogy, War­saw Uni­ver­sity where he also admin­is­ters the extra mural mas­ter pro­gramme. In his aca­d­e­mic career he held the posi­tions of Sec­re­tary of the Pol­ish Acad­emy of Sci­ence’ Com­mit­tee on Soci­ol­ogy, and Sec­re­tary of Soci­ol­ogy of Devi­a­tion and Social Con­trol sec­tion of the Pol­ish Soci­o­log­i­cal Asso­ci­a­tion. Polawski is the author of arti­cles and reports on social prob­lems and pub­lic poli­cies rang­ing from unem­ploy­ment, poverty and income inequal­ity, under class and social exclu­sion issues, to drug and alco­hol prob­lems. He teaches social prob­lems and deviance courses as well as meth­ods of social inter­ven­tion. His cur­rent research focus on three sub­jects: the effec­tive­ness of labor and wel­fare pol­icy in Poland; prob­lems of gov­er­nance and par­tic­i­pa­tory policy-making, and infor­mal econ­omy, non-registered employ­ment and it’s rela­tion to social exclu­sion. Polawski co-authored (with Kaz­imierz Frieske) Con­trol and Care. Insti­tu­tions and social prob­lems, and edited a vol­ume on Civil Soci­ety insti­tu­tions in Poland (Third sec­tor: the facade and reality).

AGATA STASIK – Ph.D can­di­date in soci­ol­ogy (Uni­ver­sity of War­saw), assis­tant at Koźmiński Uni­ver­sity. She is inter­ested in co-evolution of tech­nol­ogy and soci­ety. In her cur­rent research, she employs STS (social stud­ies of sci­ence and tech­nol­ogy) per­spec­tive to inves­ti­gate knowl­edge cre­ation and social con­flict on energy tech­nol­ogy in Poland, mainly shale gas/fracking controversy.

JĘDRZEJ STASIOWSKI – soci­ol­o­gist, social researcher, PhD stu­dent at the Insti­tute of Soci­ol­ogy at the Uni­ver­sity of War­saw. His research inter­ests include research method­ol­ogy, social inequal­i­ties and pub­lic pol­icy analysis.

ZOFIA SZWEDA-LEWANDOWSKA – a grad­u­ate of IT and Econo­met­rics as well as Soci­ol­ogy at the Uni­ver­sity of Lodz. Cur­rently she is a PhD research fel­low at the Unit of Demog­ra­phy and Social Geron­tol­ogy, Uni­ver­sity of Lodz. Her research areas include: pop­u­la­tion age­ing, insti­tu­tional forms of assis­tance to the elderly, nurs­ing homes, dis­crim­i­na­tion against older peo­ple, active age­ing. She is an author of more than 30 pub­li­ca­tions in the field of social gerontology.

DARIUSZ ZALEWSKI – is Assis­tant Pro­fes­sor of Soci­ol­ogy in the Depart­ment of Phi­los­o­phy and Soci­ol­ogy at the Uni­ver­sity of War­saw and at the Insti­tute of Labour and Social Study. He received his PhD (2002) from War­saw Uni­ver­sity on the base of the dis­ser­ta­tion Pub­lic Assis­tance. Dynam­ics of the Insti­tu­tion. His research fields include both social pol­icy issues and col­lec­tive indus­trial rela­tions: his­tory and future of the wel­fare state insti­tu­tions, wel­fare reform, social dia­logue and bar gain­ing agree­ments. He has par­tic­i­pated in sev­eral research national and inter­na­tional projects con­cerned the poverty, exclu­sion as well as social dia­logue insti­tu­tions in indus­trial relations.

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